Scarlet Fever

Scarlet Fever Scarlet fever is an upper respiratory tract infection associated with a characteristic rash, which is caused by an infection with pyrogenic exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin)–producing Group A Streptococcus in individuals who do not have antitoxin antibodies. It is now encountered less commonly and is less virulent than in the past, but the incidence is cyclic, depending on the prevalence of toxin-producing strains and the immune status of the population. The modes of transmission, age distribution, and other epidemiologic features are otherwise similar to those for GAS pharyngitis. It is characterized by: Sore throat Fever Bright red tongue with a "strawberry" appearance Characteristic rash, which: is fine, red, and rough-textured; it blanches upon pressure. appears 12–48 hours after the fever. generally starts on the chest, armpits, and behind the ears. spares...

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Poliomyelitis

Poliovirus infections with wild-type virus may follow 1 of several courses: inapparent infection, which occurs in 90–95% of cases and causes no disease and no sequelae; abortive poliomyelitis; nonparalytic poliomyelitis; or paralytic poliomyelitis. Paralysis, if it occurs, appears 3–8 days after the initial symptoms. Incubation Period:The incubation period of poliovirus from contact to initial clinical symptoms is usually considered to be 8–12 days, with a range of 5–35 days. Abortive Poliomyelitis.In about 5% of patients, a nonspecific influenza-like syndrome occurs 1–2 wk after infection, which is termed abortive poliomyelitis. Vomiting occurs irregularly. The physical examination may be normal or may reveal nonspecific pharyngitis, abdominal or muscular tenderness, and weakness. Nonparalytic Poliomyelitis. In about 1% of patients infected with wild-type poliovirus, signs of abortive...

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Viral Hepatitis A

Hepatitis AHow is hepatitis A spread?Hepatitis A is spread primarily through food or water contaminated by feces from an infected person. Rarely, it spreads through contact with infected blood. Causes The hepatitis A virus is found in the stools (feces) of people with hepatitis A. It is transmitted when a person puts something in his or her mouth that has been contaminated with the feces of an affected person. This is referred to as fecal-oral transmission. Symptoms Symptoms of hepatitis A usually develop between 2 and 6 weeks after infection. The symptoms are usually not too severe and go away on their own, over time. The most common symptoms are as follows: Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea, especially in children Low-grade fever Loss of appetite Rash Tiredness, fatigue Jaundice - A yellow discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes Urine...

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Rabies video

Rabies is a preventable viral disease of mammals most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal.The rabies virus infects the central nervous system, ultimately causing disease in the brain and death. The early symptoms of rabies in people are similar to that of many other illnesses, including fever, headache, and general weakness or discomfort. As the disease progresses, more specific symptoms appear and may include insomnia, anxiety, confusion, slight or partial paralysis, excitation, hallucinations, agitation, hypersalivation (increase in saliva), difficulty swallowing, and hydrophobia (fear of water). Epidemiology Animals most commonly associated with the transmission of rabies infection include bats, skunks, raccoons, and foxes.Rabies is rarely or never transmitted by squirrels, chipmunks, rats, mice, guinea pigs, gerbils, hamsters, or rabbits. Effects of Rabies Clinical...

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Fragile X Syndrome in children

Fragile X affection (FXS), or Martin-Bell syndrome, is a abiogenetic affection which after-effects in a spectrum of appropriate concrete and bookish limitations and affecting and behavioral actualization which ambit from astringent to balmy in manifestation. Frequency Conservative estimates address that brittle X affection affects about 1 in 4000 males and 1 in 8000 females. Pathology The affection of brittle X affection are acquired by abnormalities in DNA on the X chromosome. Examination of the karyotype reveals a binding at the end of the continued arm of the X chromosome, followed by a attenuate fiber of abiogenetic material. The binding and attenuate fiber accord the actualization of a brittle allocation of the X chromosome. Sequencing of the abiogenetic actual reveals a repeating abject brace leash that is amenable for the syndrome. Symptoms and Signs People with...

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autistic disorder (autism)

Autism is diagnosed when the patient meets the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition – Text Revision. At least six characteristics from the following three categories must be present, including at least two from the social interaction category and one each from the communication and patterns categories. Social interaction Patient displays impairment in social interaction, as shown by at least two of the following:marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors, such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction     failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level     no spontaneous sharing of enjoyment, interests, or achievements with others     lack of social or emotional reciprocity     gross...

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Tay–Sachs disease In children

  Tay–Sachs disease (abbreviated TSD, also known as GM2 gangliosidosis or Hexosaminidase A deficiency) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. It is caused by a genetic defect in a single gene with one defective copy of that gene inherited from each parent. The disease occurs when harmful quantities of gangliosides accumulate in the nerve cells of the brain, eventually leading to the premature death of those cells. Tay–Sachs disease is rare, and other autosomal recessive disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia, are far more common. The disease is named after British ophthalmologist Warren Tay, who first described the red spot on the retina of the eye in 1881, and the American neurologist Bernard Sachs of Mount Sinai Hospital, New York who described the cellular changes of Tay-Sachs and noted an increased prevalence in the Eastern European Jewish (Ashkenazi) population...

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Brief Summary of Clinical Features of Diabetes in Children

Brief Summary of Clinical Features of Diabetes in Children Would you like to find out what those-in-the-know have to say about DKA.diabetic ketoacidosis? The information in the article below comes straight from well-informed experts with special knowledge about DKA.diabetic ketoacidosis. It's really a good idea to probe a little deeper into the subject of DKA.diabetic ketoacidosis. What you learn may give you the confidence you need to venture into new areas. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a potentially life-threatening complication in patients with diabetes mellitus. It happens predominantly in those with type 1 diabetes, but it can occur in those with type 2 diabetes under certain circumstances. DKA results from a shortage of insulin; in response the body switches to burning fatty...

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Laboratory Findings in Hypoparathyroidism

Laboratory Findings in Hypoparathyroidism  The only way to keep up with the latest about Laboratory Findings in Hypoparathyroidism  is to constantly stay on the lookout for new information. If you read everything you find about Laboratory Findings in Hypoparathyroidism , it won't take long for you to become an influential authority. Truthfully, the only difference between you and Laboratory Findings in Hypoparathyroidism  experts is time. If you'll invest a little more time in reading, you'll be that much nearer to expert status when it comes to Laboratory Findings in Hypoparathyroidism . The serum calcium level is low (5–7 mg/dL), and the phosphorus level is elevated (7–12 mg/dL). Blood levels of ionized calcium (usually approximately 45% of the total) more nearly reflect...

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Introduction to Short Stature

Introduction to Short Stature You should be able to find several indispensable facts about Introduction to Short Stature in the following paragraphs. If there's at least one fact you didn't know before, imagine the difference it might make. If you don't have accurate details regarding Introduction to Short Stature, then you might make a bad choice on the subject. Don't let that happen: keep reading.     Disturbances of growth are the most common presenting complaints in the pediatric endocrine clinic.         Fetal growth is dependent on maternal factors (placental sufficiency, maternal nutrition, etc.), insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) and insulin.         Growth in late infancy and childhood is dependent on growth hormone/IGF-1 axis and thyroid hormone. Growth is more rapid during infancy—up...

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